Modeling high-speed gas–particle flows relevant to spacecraft landings

The interactions between rocket exhaust plumes and the surface of extraterrestrial bodies during spacecraft landings involve complex multiphase flow dynamics that pose significant risk to space exploration missions. two-phase is characterized by high Reynolds Mach number conditions with particle concentrations ranging from dilute close-packing. Low atmospheric pressure gravity typically encountered in landing environments combined reduced optical access granular material challenges for experimental investigations. Consequently, numerical modeling expected play an increasingly important role future This article presents a review perspectives on high-speed disperse flows relevant plume-surface (PSI). We present overview existing drag laws, origins 18th-century cannon fire experiments new insights particle-resolved simulations. While focus here PSI, much same physics are shared other compressible gas-particle flows, such as coal-dust explosions, volcanic eruptions, detonation solid material.